Qazvin Boulevard, located in Iran’s northern city of Qazvin, was constructed by the Safavid king Shah Tahmasb. Some compare it in similarity with Chahar-Baq Boulevard in Isfahan and some others even consider it as the first boulevard in Iran’s urban spaces. A significant point about this boulevard is its spatial structure and function. In other words, there is currently an urgent need to study what constitutes the spaces and functions of this city structure– today called Sepah Boulevard. Also important is the materials used in construction of this boulevard as well as the size and composition of those materials.These are all questions that the present article tries to answer by referring to historical records. The article also tries to present an overview of the spatial structure of boulevards during the Safavid era. In conclusion, various facts are presented to explain what has made Qazvin Boulevard a key public place inside the city. Also, it is explained how different elements of Persian architecture like garden paths have been put together in this structure whose construction is a great deal based on a recreational approach.The current research further shows how Qazvin Boulevard paved the way for the construction of similar structures in other cities of Iran, specifically during the reign of Safavid king Shah Abbas, in what was later known as Khiyaban.This research mainly aims to highlight the basic elements and the components that shape this structure. A comparison is also made with similar spaces in Persian gardens which are believed to date back to at least 2000 years ago.Khiyaban, as the present research shows, was an urban and a public space during the Safavid ear for leisure activities. Its physical elements such as the positioning of two lines of trees on both sides and also the plan of this space shows that Khiyabans were constructed for special purposes at the heart of the city of Qazvin during the Safavid era. One apparent purpose was to display the glory of the king and this was done by leading the Khiyaban to the palace of the king.In conclusion, the present article compares the physical and conceptual pattern of Qazvin Khiyaban with the similar spaces in Persian garden and in the Iranian cities before and after the Safavid era. It eventually becomes clear that the Qazvin Khiyaban has effectively laid the foundations for such spaces in Iranian cities. This is particularly the case when considering that the Khiayaban has used the physical and conceptual patterns in Persian gardens.

As an option for spending leisure time, urban parks bear important recreational values. This study was carried out to determine the recreational value of "Elgoli" urban park, located in Tabriz, based on visitors' enjoyment factor. To achieve this, double-bounded dichotomous questionnaires and contingent valuation method were used. Analyzing of data showed that the average expenditure by every visited family in order to enjoy the above mentioned park was 359988 Rials, annually. It came to 224.99 million Rials per month for total number of visited families. Virtual importance of natural resources and obtained results from visitors indicate that urban parks, as a healthy source, demand the highest attention of responsible organizations in order to inspire and maintain the hilarity and jubilation senses among the society.

ABSTRACT: As cities become more and more crowded, urban environmental noise increases. This paper discusses the practical recognition of the Mashhad MELAT Park sidewalk's soundscape. The purpose of this study is to answer the question of the Mashhad MELAT Park sidewalk's soundscape in people's minds. On-site sound recordings have been collected from the 1s t of November, December, and January of 2022 in consecutive places on Mashhad MELAT Park sidewalk and EMAMAT Boulevard. Sound and soundscape are sense stimulants that impact on quality of urban spaces. Sound, as one of the inseparable parts of the urban atmosphere, influences individual behavior, choosing the urban space, staying or passing by, perception of people from urban space, and overlay it influences the quality of urban spaces. Nowadays, variety and increasing sound sources from traffic, human activities, and disturbing sounds have created unpleasant soundscapes, leading to unclear sonic perception in citizens. The research is applicatory and descriptive-analytical. Data collection tools were done through sound walking (recordings for sound walking were up to 5 meters in dB by Calibrator S t-8851 sound meter device for numerical analysis), photography, and questionnaires based on people's mental perception. The data analysis method was performed through SPSS Analysis, sound maps, and GIS maps for qualitative analysis. Surveys showed a lack of invigorating sound resources on this sidewalk, expressing the dominance of vehicle traffic horns over natural and people sounds. Concentrating on soundscape in urban spaces leads to achieving sustainable urban spaces.

Elgoli park which is located in East Azerbaijan province named as one of the important tourism and promenade zone of Iran due to its numerous natural places. Studying Tourism value of this place could be useful in predicting needs, remove scarcities and development of tourism. The aim of this research is estimating the Tourism value of Elgoli park with the use of contingent valuation method. For investigating effective variables on willingness to pay of individuals, Logit model estimated with the use of maximum likelihood approach. Requested data set were obtained by completing questionnaires and interviewing with 322 individuals who visit mentioned place. Results revealed that 93 percent of individuals were ready for paying as a use of the mentioned place. Also, results showed that variables include Income, Education, gender, family size, visit number, age and bid had a significant effect on probability of willingness to pay of individuals. Annual Mean Willingness to pay each family and Tourism value of Elgoli park was 54000 RLs and 20 billion RLs respectively.

Highways are linear infrastructures that alter the environmental resources in a territory, structure, and functions while constituting a significant component through which the individual comes into contact with the landscape. The fragility of the natural-ecological environment exerts tremendous pressure on sustainable development in cities. In the city’ s sprawl, ecological factors and functional properties during urban development process have less considered and have reduced the citizens’ quality of life. Since the observer has looked at the landscape of the adjacent highway, and all elements observed can be considered the aesthetic aspects and safety components. The aim of the research is to identify the problems and find the solutions for the edge of Chamran Boulevard in Shiraz. The solutions involve creating a continuous walking route that would provide more recreational opportunities, link up with existing gardens and culture of the region. Pay attention to green pedestrian pathways, safety, legibility, coherence, taking into account the visual features of the road, improving the outdoor comfort conditions, organizing leisure/cultural spaces are associated with green spaces and open spaces, and the user’ s visual interest related to cognitive processes have been emphasized. In the first stage, the effective indicators of landscape improvement have been extracted from the literature and categorized. Then, the impact of the extracted factors was evaluated and prioritized using the Delphi technique and conducting semi-structured interviews with experts. Afterward, Shiraz citizens have been selected to measure the existing status and prioritize users’ preferences. A closed questionnaire survey was used to collect data from participants. All data analysis was performed by SPSS software version 22. The findings show that the vegetation diversity around the pedestrian pathway, considering collaborative activities (Mean=3/88), considering the legibility of way-finding, diversity of lighting and creating the continuous and interrupted sequences (M=3/61) are among the users’ priorities.

Objective: At present, Kermanshah, as the largest Kurdish city in Iran and the center of the province, has failed to realize vibrant urban spaces. Of course, Nobahar Street is one of the few spaces in this city that is considered somewhat lively. The present study aims to analyze the vitality of this street. Methods: This study is analytical-interpretive. At first, vitality indices were extracted from valid researches and were arranged in the form of a questionnaire. The validity of the questions has been confirmed by receiving the opinion of experts and the reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha (0.806). The statistical population includes all citizens of Kermanshah who have visited Nobahar Street for commercial and entertainment. The sample size was based on Cochran's formula of 384 items, which is approximately 400. The sampling method is simple random. Data analysis was performed using factor analysis and linear multivariate regression model. Results: Findings show that 38 indicators represent the vitality of an urban shopping street that are categorized in 8 factors including "Walkability", "Space to Stay", "Invigorating", "Shopping Convenience", "Accessibility", "Inclusiveness", "Flexibility" and "Memorable". Meanwhile, the two factors of Walkability and Space to Stay have the greatest impact on people's satisfaction with the vitality of a commercial street. Conclusion: In the case of Nobahar Street, it was observed that although this street has a good vitality, dissatisfaction is evident in two factors: "Accessibility" and "Inclusiveness ". Therefore, strategies in this regard are presented.

Human life in cities depends on various factors, since human beings are social beings, one of the needs of human life in the city is social interaction, which to meet this need requires spaces in the city, where third urban places are the best space. For social interactions through spatial attachment. Therefore, the present article examines the relationship between attachment to places and third urban places. The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey type. The sample size is 305 visitors from Tabriz Elgoli. Amos and SPSS software were used for the structural model of second-order factor analysis (SEM). The results show that in the final structural model, the relationship between spatial attachment and the third urban place (Elgoli), two dimensions of participation (attractiveness and self-expression) %81. 6, spatial dependence and spatial identity %79. 2 social bond Constitute. In total, attractiveness and social connection account for 80. 1% of visitor loyalty. Based on this, it is concluded that the third urban places (Elgoli) have been effective in the formation of attachment to the place, spatial attachment has been very effective in participation, loyalty, identity of the place, social bond and attractiveness in the third urban place (Elgoli).

Nowadays, security has been among the basic needs of human gatherings and in urban planning the issue of women's security in urban places is considerably taken into consideration. The present study aimed at investigating women's security feeling and its related factors at Elgoli Park by interviewing 277 women older than 15 years old. The results revealed that the factors of atmosphere form, misleading environmental information, lighting, environmental pollution, access degree to public transportation services, quality of activities, use of the land around the park, and social factors of users such as age, occupation, and education are correlated with the security feeling of the women. Furthermore, the factor of lighting had the highest impact and the factors of activities and use of land had the lowest impact on the women's security feeling. Additionally, there was a significant relationship with 99 percent confidence correlation between the security feeling of women and factors of atmosphere form, misleading environmental information, lighting, environmental pollution, access to public transportation services, quality of activities, and the use of land around the park. Changing the plan of residential, commercial, and public places and creating environments to prevent crimes require management, planning, and manipulating the environment to reach a smart system. This, in turn, requires urban managers and planners to try to create suitable places that make it possible for all social groups to attend and consequently to create a safe city.

Cafes have a special place for users and are spaces for spending leisure time, a sense of relaxation and a platform for informal activities that are contrary to the discourse of power. The purpose of this article is to analyze the atmosphere prevailing in the cafes of Daneshgah Boulevard in Zahedan city. In this regard, Bourdieu's theoretical approach and his Field Theory have been used. The research method of this research is qualitative and based on the analysis of the viewpoints of the cafe owners and baristas of the selected cafes on this street. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. For this purpose, two types of cafes on this Boulevard (8 cafes in total), including take-out cafes and coffee shops, were selected, and 12 people were interviewed. Based on the obtained results, two types of coffee and espresso consumption habitus (among natives) and going to cafes (mostly among students) were observed. The fields mentioned in the investigation of cafes included the economic, socio-cultural, political and power fields. By using different strategies, cafe owners try to attract different users, and there is a difference between the actions and activities of natives and students. Examining the relationship between the identified categories showed that the core categories include changing habitus, increasing coffee consumption and turning cafes into quasi-public spaces that attract people under the influence of causal conditions such as the desire to change the social position, the changeability of habitus and the use of coffee for treatment. Cafe users' action against these changes was to accept new habitus and, at the same time, localize consumption and space. The consequences of this action were the weakening of restrictions, improvement of the economy, communication, and thinking Extended Abstract Introduction One of the attractions in Zahedan, especially on Daneshgah Boulevard, is cafes that have expanded on this street. A variety of cafes in the form of take-out cafes and coffee shops has attracted the local community and students and led to the vitality and dynamism of this street. The tradition of going to cafes in Zahedan dates back to ten years ago, and coffee consumption has become a dominant culture among the natives. The questions of this research are:  -What are the habitus of cafe users and their activities, and how are these habitus affected by Field Theory?  In order to answer them, Bourdieu's analytical approach has been used to formulate the conceptual framework of this research. Despite the fact that the third place, the public realm or other approaches have been used in the other studies, this study aims to make a profound and interpretive analysis of cafes by using the dimensions of this theory.   Methodology As a qualitative research, the purpose of this study is to analyze the cafes and habitus in Zahedan City. A semi-structured interview method was used to collect data. Three general and related issues have been questioned as the habitus, different fields and types of activities and practices. The target group of the research was 12 cafe owners and baristas on Daneshgah Boulevard of Zahedan. The cafe owners and baristas were asked about the habitus and practices of the cafe users. At the same time, in order to investigate the difference between the habitus of the research groups, i.e. natives and students, two types of cafes have been considered. The interviews were conducted in the winter of 2023 when the academic semester was still ongoing. The sample size was obtained according to the theoretical saturation and 3 take-out cafes and 5 coffee shops were selected. For choosing them first, by referring to the websites, the list of the best cafes in Zahedan was extracted, and two cafes (Pelas and Fenjun), which were on the top list and located on Daneshgah Boulevard, were selected. In the next step, Cafe de France, Cafe Honar, and Be Vaght-e Cafe were introduced by the cafe owners and baristas and were added to the list. Three take-out cafes (Cafe Tak, E.L.K Cafe and Mr. Raeis) were selected also. Cafe Tak is one of the oldest take-out cafes. For analyzing the data, the interviews were first coded and based on the conceptual framework; the layers related to the users' habitus were analyzed through Bourdieu's Field Theory. Then, grounded theory was applied to develop the research model. The process of coding, categorization, and the relationship between the categories in the form of defining the core category and identifying casual, context, and intervening conditions, as well as the action and interaction strategies, were considered.   Results and discussion Two types of habitus were identified; the habitus of consuming coffee and espresso, and more intensively, the consumption of espresso, which was more common among the natives, and the habitus of going to the coffee shops, which mainly was observed among the young, students, and women. Considering the function of cafes, economic, socio-cultural, political and power fields were also identified. Besides the analysis based on the field theory, categories have been identified for developing the conceptual model. Based on the interviews, 38 primary codes, 21 sub-categories and 11 main categories were defined. Moreover, the relationship between the categories and the concepts of the Field Theory were also examined and analyzed. The main categories include the changeability of habitus and lifestyle, changing the image of the city and social condition, the category of difference and distinction, freedom, spatial control, economy-oriented categories and strategy, economic orientation, and harmony of ethnic and critical thinking. The core categories include two concepts as changing the habitus of the natives and increasing the consumption of coffee and espresso, and turning cafes into dynamic and active quasi-public spaces. The causal conditions included dynamic and acquired characteristics of habitus, coffee consumption as a treatment and the desire of natives and residents for socio-cultural change. The conditions that are affected by the specific time and place impressed the core categories, including the desire to change, the presence of students in the city, and the therapeutic use of coffee. Also, the categories related to the improvement of capital and the economic fields were recognized as effective. The intervening conditions that had an impression on the core categories included spatial monitoring and control, which impose restrictions on the acceptance of cafes as a public domain. The moderator conditions included differences and distinctions. Also, since the acceptance of habitus has positive effects on the city and natives, it can be identified as another moderator condition. For example, changing habitus and turning cafes into a dominant activity in the city promoted symbolic capital, changed the image of the city, and increased collective consensus. Also, the use of economic strategies by cafe owners has an influence on the core category. Action and interaction included different strategies. One of these strategies is localization and change in coffee consumption and space (different types of coffee shops and emphasis on some products). In other words, the concept of coffee and espresso for natives is different from its original concept. Also, the natives' strategy against this new habitus is to use its advantages to improve the economic, socio-cultural, and symbolic capital.   Conclusion The aim of this research was to analyze the dominant atmosphere which influences the habitus related to cafes in Zahedan City. For this purpose, among different approaches to studying this issue, the Field Theory of Bourdieu was selected. This theory, on the one hand, is a unified approach and free from the dualities of subject/object, structure/agency, etc. On the other hand, by combining theory with practice and introducing a method, examine the issues with different fields such as society, culture and politics and their impact on habitus. So, it is a comprehensive and practical approach. Bourdieu's theory considers the detailed expansion of concepts' applied mechanisms and is different from similar concepts, so through it, examining the impact of concepts on each other is possible. Also, due to the comprehensiveness of this theory, the identified categories are related not only to the social and cultural layers but also to the political, ethnic, and economic layers. As another highlighted point, the case of Daneshgah Boulevard in Zahedan, which has been less studied in the urban planning discipline, led to the introduction of this street as a lively and dynamic space and as the symbolic capital of this city.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Background and Objective: Human interventions have led to changes in natural systems. Climate change is the most conspicuous change that affects natural ecosystems, particularly in urban environments, which endanger urban sustainability. Resilient urban landscape design could be considered as a solution for this challenge. This paper presents a framework for the design of resilient green spaces towards adapting to climate change Method: The study area of the research is Behesht Boulevard in Borujerd, Lorestan province, (Iran). The resilience of current plantings was evaluated based on resilient criteria extracted from related literature including plasticity, biodiversity and structural diversity. Furthermore, four vital aspects of urban green space were added and taken into consideration including; economic, aesthetics, social and ecological aspects. The final evaluation conducted through Delphi method, which relies on expert opinion and AHP. Findings: The result showed that area had a fragile landscape suffering from a low biodiversity. Therefore, the new plant species were selected and evaluated based on resilience and additional anticipated criteria. Finally, the new planting design proposed considering resilience and socio-economic dimensions. Discussion and Conclusion: Existing green spaces are vulnerable to climate change. Combined cycles such as water scarcity and urban stresses increase the severity of this vulnerability. Applying fundamental principles such as reversible design can improve the quality of these spaces, making them reversible. Finally, based on the results obtained, a general strategy for redesigning urban green spaces to improve and enhance the reversible urban landscape is presented.